why was france a threat to elizabeth in 1558

The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, finally removed the on-going threat at home from Catholics who wanted to replace Elizabeth with her. Roberto di Ridolfi was an Italian banker who played a small role in the Revolt of the Northern Earls. The most important reason however was a combination of Marys arrival and the Popes interference. Elizabeth had been in power for eight years by 1566 and it was at this time that the Catholic threat began to increase. The threat of France to Elizabeth's rule Elizabeth had two main problems concerning France: She inherited a bad relationship with France from her predecessor Queen Mary I. France were. One last thing to consider was the fact that Elizabeth was unmarried and childless. Answer:Despite initially being a threat to England, civil war in France from 1562 meant the French monarchs were too preoccupied with home affairs to pose a thr eye27 eye27 11.05.2020 Crucially, when the Spanish ships docked in English ports, the gold was seized by Elizabeth. I think I'm about to officially choose the Uni im going to but I'm not 100% sur, HELP, Official Imperial College 2023 Undergraduate Applicants Thread, Official Cambridge Postgraduate Applicants 2023 Thread, Plucking Serene Dreams From Golden Trees. England and Spain had tried to remain on good terms but a growing rivalry between them led to increased tensions. The Spanish responded by doing the same to the English. Elizabeths legitimacy was one of many problems that Elizabeth faced when she became Queen in 1558. A very detailed response which demonstrates excellent subject knowledge and reaches a clear judgement based on justifiable criteria. and reversing the religious settlement. Cecil was a master of Renaissance statecraft, whose talents as a diplomat, politician, and administrator won him high office and . Here is an example answer to the following 16-mark question on the reasons for the increased Catholic threat to Elizabeth I after 1566. Elizabeth I was Queen of England and Ireland from 17th November 1558 to 24th March 1603. The lack of money was problematic because it meant England was potentially vulnerable to attack (and Elizabeth had no means by which to defend the country militarily). his early wars against France and his championing of Catholic orthodoxy against the teachings of Martin Luther. What made the Auld Alliance stronger at this time was the fact that Mary, Queen of Scots was married to the French Prince Francis II. The plot failed as it was discovered by Francis Walsingham, Elizabeths principal secretary and spymaster, who placed Throckmorton under surveillance for several months. West Yorkshire, For two weeks of the second half of November, Catholic mass was heard at Durham Cathedral too (with all evidence of Protestantism destroyed). He saw Drake as a pirate and therefore deemed Elizabeths act as deliberately provocative. Both could be serious threats to Elizabeths England. The plot was uncovered whilst Ridolfi was abroad (he never returned). However, the settlement was abandoned and no trace of the colonists was ever found. Level 4 is about analysis supported by a detailed line of reasoning, so embracing counter-arguments like this are encouraged (so long as they can be explained).]. With the seemingly imminent war between Spain only a matter of time, Elizabeth was determined to rid England of the enemy within. The death of Spains leading admiral, Santa Cruz, in February 1588, led to the appointment of the inexperienced Duke of Medina Sidonia to lead the Spanish Armada. Northern Rebellion led by Earl of Westmorland. She raised an army following her escape from prison but was defeated at Langside (Glasgow). -Threats from Catholics in the middle years were significant e.g. They Schools can qualify for all our resources for free. To what extent should changes in the relationship between monarchy and . English canons could also be reloaded more quickly than the Spanish ones allowing them to inflict greater damage. In October 1586, Mary was found guilty of treason and sentenced to death. The invasion would include the murder of Elizabeth and the placing of Mary, Queen of Scots on the throne. Elizabethan Religious Settlement - BBC Bitesize Marys presence in England posed an on-going threat as she had a strong claim to the throne herself. Tudor Rebellions: Causes & Timeline - Video & Lesson Transcript - Study.com King Phillip had been preparing for an attack on England since 1585 and Marys execution made the situation worse with him even more determined to invade England. At the beginning of her reign, an obvious candidate for Elizabeth to marry was her half sister's widow, Phillip of Spain. Challenges to Elizabeth's rule - Edexcel - BBC Bitesize Ridolfis plan was to make Mary queen by first assassinating Elizabeth and then marrying Mary to the Duke of Norfolk. Her first husband, Francis II, had died in December 1560. Pope refused to accept the divorce and marriage and as a result Catholics in England in 1558 did not accept Elizabeth as a legitimate monarch. Mary became the inspiration for frequent revolts and rebellions, as it suddenly appeared possible that Elizabeth could be realistically replaced by a legitimate Catholic heir. The Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis of April 1559 between Spain and France was meant to be the start of lasting peace between the two. Italian bankers from Genoa had lent Philip II money to fund his campaign in the Netherlands (which was trying to put down the Dutch Revolt). By instinct, Elizabeth was a Apple Ordered to Pay Optis Wireless $300 Million in Second LTE Patent Trial. On the death of Mary and the accession of Elizabeth, many hard-line Protestants returned from mainland Europe (where they had fled for their own safety during the reign of Mary) in the full expectation that they were returning to a state where Protestantism was the one and only . Legitimacy of succession: The Pope did not recognise Henry VIII's marriage to Anne. Following Marys death, there were no more major Catholic plots during Elizabeths reign. John White led another group to Roanoke, 3 years after the attempt to colonise it. As King Phillip II ruled the Netherlands, he had control over the access to these vital Dutch ports and he could, therefore, limit English access. Europe. The conspirators including Babington were all. Elizabeth couldn't restore authority and teachings of the Pope. Elizabeth made England protestant, which caused tension with the rest of Europe as they were heavily catholic (such as Spain and France). This meant two of the most powerful European nations were now united against Protestantism, placing Elizabeth in a precarious position. Elizabeth was in debt, she was unmarried and therefore had no alliances to help her counter the Auld Alliance (which would have been a concern even if Mary Queen of Scots and Prince Francis were not married and even if Mary had no claim to the throne). The raid on Cadiz proved to be a major setback for King Phillips plans to invade England and delayed the Armada by more than a year. The Spanish had planned to come alongside their opponents and attempt to board their ships to try to overcome the enemy through hand-to-hand fighting. As the war ended, Philip II of Spain wanted to stay on good . Sue Gray quits the civil service to become Starmer's aide: is it a big deal? An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. Cleopatra, Queen Victoria and many more. Why was France a threat? By the end of Elizabeths reign, the navy was also playing an important role in settling up an English colony in North America. Elizabeth I - the last Tudor monarch - was born at Greenwich on 7 September 1533, the daughter of Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. Calais was a French port which the English had occupied and was responsible for 80% of wool exports. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! VAT reg no 816865400. This aimed to ensure poor relief was collected. Elizabeth wasnt able to publically acknowledge his achievements and when the Spanish Armada attempted to invade England in 1588, he was the vice-admiral in command of the English fleet that helped successfully defend the attack. They began to revolt against the Spanish. Spain had colonies in North and South America and Englands trade with them was very profitable, but foreigners needed a license to trade there. English exports to Europe were vital to the English economy and reached the European market via the Dutch ports, particularly Antwerp. The local inhabitants showed little mercy to the survivors of these wrecks. Throughout her reign, Elizabeth was engaged in expensive financial issues, especially foreign policy. The harsh weather conditions made it impossible for the Spanish fleet to return to the Channel after the battle of Gravelines. The plots to overthrow Elizabeth failed for a number of reasons such as: In 1568, the Queens Spymaster, Francis Walsingham used his spy network to prove that Mary had supported the Babington Plot. King Philip of Spain sent an. Philip II and the Pope supported the plot that would involve the invasion of England by the Duke of Guise. Letters sent to Mary were also intercepted which implicated her and the Duke of Norfolk in the plot. ( Public Domain ) Henry VIII was succeeded by his son Edward VI who reigned for a mere six years before succumbing to tuberculosis at the age of 15. Many colonists this time were poverty-stricken Londoners (it was felt they would be used to hard work and would therefore be happy to work for a new life in the New World). A war would have to involve invasion because after 1558 England had no possessions in mainland Europe (Calais had been lost in 1558). Company Reg no: 04489574. A significant amount of the Spanish troops lacked the experience of naval warfare, whereas the English fleet was manned by experienced sailors. France however, thought her intention was to create war between France and Spain while England looked on. The war was going badly for England. Therefore, France controlled the whole of the northern coastline and posed a major threat to England. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - conclusion. The French Catholic League signed this treaty with Philip II of Spain. The plan was then for the combined forces would then sail across the Channel to England under the protection of the Armadas warships. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 3rd point + evidence, - However Elizabeth was also faced with threats about her legitimacy and gender, "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 3rd explanation. PDF Subject: History Year: 10Lesson 3 - Schudio There were French troops in Scotland, and this posed a problem for Elizabeth and the security of England because England was still technically at war with France. 1560 - death of francis II, Mary returns to scotland as queen. threats did Elizabeth face in 1558? The Spanish had a greater army and Dudleys army was significantly smaller. The most important reason why Mary was a threat to Elizabeth's reign was the fact that Mary was Catholic. Doodle's Point of View In 1568, a final blow came when some Spanish ships were blown off course into English waters, and the English seized them. Many reasons led to discontent between Spain and England. Most people in . This was signed by the English nobility and gentry and required the signatories to execute anyone who attempted to overthrow the Queen. The treaty essentially allowed Elizabeth to focus on developing events in the Netherlands and not worry about protecting her northern border. He also had a big empire in North and South America and by 1581, he had also become King of Portugal which gave him control of the important Atlantic port of Lisbon. Dudleys campaign in 1586-1587 proved to be unsuccessful and he suffered heavy defeats at the hands of the Spanish general, the. Explain why Elizabeth faced many problems upon ascending to the throne in 1558 . Mary was forced to flee following her unsuccessful attempt to win back her Scottish throne. It was the only major threat to Henry's security as monarch. Elizabeth's Legitimacy | History | tutor2u [This summary of factors helps re- establish conceptual focus]. The Armadas journey back to Spain was a disaster. Describe two features of the Puritan challenge 6. Elizabeth and Philipthese two powerful peoplewould begin their relationship peacefully, even warmly, but they would become enemies, facing off in a battle of empires and faiths that would . CLO History: What problems did Elizabeth face when she became - Quizlet Official Oxford 2023 Postgraduate Applicants Thread. The loss of ships, weapons and supplies were proving incredibly costly for Spain as these needed to be replaced and obtaining fresh supplies put a strain on Spains finances. The failure of the colonisation was due to: the resistance of the Native Americans; conflict amongst the English settlers (who collectively had the wrong mix of skills to make the settlement a real success); the loss of supplies via the damage incurred on The Tiger and the fact that the voyage set off too late for crops to be planted (causing dependence on the rightfully suspicious Native Americans). Another reason Dudley failed was a number of his officers were divided over questions of strategy. Seeing Spain as a threat, Elizabeth tried to form an alliance with France. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! The relationship with Spain and King Phillip II was at a low point in 1587 as the two countries were at war over the Netherlands. More significantly, she was worried she would have to adopt a secondary role in the running of her country, as the period was very patriarchal. The Northern Earls were unhappy and rebelled for several reasons: The Revolt of the Northern Earls was arguably the most serious rebellion during Elizabeths reign and presented a threat for a number of reasons: During the 1570s and 1580s, there were several plots by Catholics to assassinate Queen Elizabeth and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots. Elizabeth delayed the opening of this Parliament that had originally been summoned in the autumn of 1588 in response to the defeat of the Spanish Armada for as long as she could afford to, knowing that the Commons would be eager to broach two topics, religious debates and foreign policy, that she usually reserved to her prerogative. Here is a summary timeline of key events for students taking Early Elizabethan England (1558-88). Importantly too, at different points these plots were orchestrated or sponsored by the Pope and Spain and were dependent on the support of English Catholics to work, demonstrating the increasing Catholic threat to Elizabeth, internationally and domestically. he could also overthrow her. The Spanish attempted to regroup at Gravelines, however, the weather made it impossible for them to reform their defensive crescent formation which opened up an opportunity for the English to intercept and attack. Pope Pius V excommunicates Elizabeth from the Catholic Church. The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots eventually took place on 8th February 1587. Instead, both men preferred to negotiate a settlement. (1583) was a threat to Queen Elizabeth. There were a number of factors that contributed to the English victory and Spanish defeat which included English strengths, Spanish weaknesses, as well as luck itself. This delayed the Spanish attack and gave the English more time to prepare (hence the attempted invasion of the Armada one year later in 1588). Company Reg no: 04489574. Naval support by the English proved to be more effective for the Dutch rebels and a fleet of English ships patrolled the Dutch coastline to prevent the Spanish from landing some of their forces by sea. There are 4 main exam boards which are AQA, Edexcel (Pearson), OCR and How To Revise For GCSE Psychology The ultimate step-by-step guide for students, teachers and private students. Guy states that Northumberland's success in foreign policy was due to ending Somerset's wars . Am I doing my History A-Level coursework correctly? Pick a key scene from the story and tell it from the third-person limited point of view, through Doodle's senses and feelings. When Elizabeth I came to the throne in 1558, she inherited a difficult financial situation and a debt of 227,000. Indeed, the Ridolfi Plot of 1571 was even led by one of the Popes spies, Roberto Ridolfi. Elizabeth and the Netherlands Issue - 1576-1584 (GCSE Example - Tutor2u No Payment details required and completelyRisk Free. The Northern Earls staged a rebellion (1569) centred around Mary, aiming to depose Elizabeth and crown Mary, raising tension between the two monarchs. Mary | Biography & Facts | Britannica Anne was executed less than three years after Elizabeth's birth. - large religious threat as shows the chance of invasion increased due to the fact Spain and France could unite together against England. The Spanish plan to meet the Duke of Parma at Dunkirk was seriously flawed. [This last point is important and often students dont embrace the anomalies for fear that it will undermine their argument. God blew and they were scattered - The National Archives Elizabeth lived quietly at her . The Elizabethan Religious Settlement - World History Encyclopedia In 1568 Elizabeth also controversially stole gold from Spanish ships (which was loaned from Genoese banks to fund the Spanish army, against the Dutch rebels) that were staying at English ports. (*fragmentary*). This was an important symbolic gesture, which angered Philip II. In order to marry Anne Boleyn, Henry VIII had to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. Elizabeth was born on 7th September 1533 to Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. Why was the threat of invasion Elizabeth's biggest problem in 1558? Henry himself gave people cause . Boston House, There were two important reasons why France was seen as a threat to England. Boston Spa, The traditional bonds between England and Spain were deteriorating and England needed the support of France for protection from Spain. The child cried when he saw the _______ of his favorite toy in the driveway. He was a protestant and head of his country; however England viewed Sweden as a mediocre power and not a nation to be linked with in marriage. The reasons for, and significance of, Mary Queen of Scots execution in 1587. Elizabeth I - Accession | Britannica A number of Catholic plots to remove Elizabeth in the 1570s and 1580s had his involvement although he was reluctant and half-hearted in their execution. Tensions in the Netherlands increased greatly between 1576 and 1584. The Armada sailed up the Channel in a defensive crescent formation which used the large armed galleons to protect the weaker supply ships and infantry ships. . When are the GCSE exams for 2020?Which exam board are you studying? Many northern nobles were still committed Catholics and wanted to see the restoration of Catholicism under a Catholic monarch. Spains forces in the Netherlands mutinied (as they hadnt been paid by the now bankrupt Spanish government). Elizabeth I Skilful In Her Response To Threats History Essay Moreover, a child would create more stability domestically and nullify challenges to the throne (like that from Mary Queen of Scots) as a political vacuum would have been filled. This meant two of the most powerful European nations were now united against Protestantism, placing Elizabeth in a precarious position. Phillip was warned against this mission but believed he was on a mission from God. She managed these difficulties with great pragmatism and opportunism, reducing the threat of invasion. Which three countries were a threat to England and Elizabeth? The second concern of legitimacy again comes from the marriage of Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. The Armada set sail in May 1588, but due to bad weather and attempts by an English fleet to intercept it, was delayed for several weeks in the Bay of Biscay. How significant was the threat to Elizabeth I, posed by her Roman Catholic subjects in the years 1558-1588? [Clear link back to the question at the end of the paragraph here.]. Queen Elizabeth and King Phillip II were still reluctant to openly declare war with one another however, in 1585, this changed due to dispute over the Netherlands. Describe two features of Mary Queen of Scots' threat to Elizabeth I. "The little Queen of Scots is the most perfect child that I have ever seen," King Henry II of France proclaimed soon after meeting his new charge (Mary of Guise had stayed in Scotland to rule . John White (another leading colonist) sailed back to England to report on the problems being experienced. Why was the throckmorton plot a threat to elizabeth 12 marker? Those who refused this were sent to prison. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. Elizabeth also felt she had no right to execute a legitimate monarch but also, executing a queen could set a dangerous precedent that could undermine her own claim to rule by Divine Right and fuel more plots against her. VAT reg no 816865400. The early Tudors, 1485-1558 | Institute of Continuing Education (ICE) However, Elizabeth was fearful that a foreign husband would have not put the needs of England first. Led by two powerful Catholic landowners, Thomas Percy, Earl of Northumberland, and Charles Neville, Earl of Westmorland, this rebellions principal aims included the restoration of Catholicism to England, as well as the installation of Mary as Queen of England. The English sent 8 fireships loaded with flammable materials in the middle of the night towards the anchored Spanish ships. Elizabeth faced many problems upon her accession to her throne in 1558 and, whilst the question of legitimacy was important, the immediate concerns of debt, as well as the threat from France and Scotland were of far greater significance as they instantly impacted upon her ability to rule. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 1st explanation. The aim was to rid France of heresy (Protestantism). We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. Edward VI - Wikipedia Not many Englishmen were granted licenses and therefore Elizabeth would encourage privateers, men who sailed their own ships, to trade illegally with the Spanish colonies. The defeat of the Northern Earls showed there was little appetite for a Catholic revolution. Foreign Affairs / Overview of Elizabeth I / Historical Association He also used double agents to infiltrate Catholic networks. Foreign Affairs. LS23 6AD The Religious Settlement of 1559 - History Learning Site Born 7th September 1533 , Elizabeth was the daughter of Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. The English ships moved in for the attack and the following battle lasted several hours with 5 Spanish ships having been sunk. Francis Drake is knighted on the Golden Hind. The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. This was a huge sum of money, especially when you consider the annual income of the Crown was approximately 286,000. Foreign prince candinates would all be Catholic. Freshwater supplies were lost and many tons of food rotted as the fleet eventually sailed to England in 1588.