1993;13:41322. The effect of Wi-Fi electromagnetic waves in unimodal and multimodal object recognition tasks in male rats. Exposure to microwaves and silencing p-synapsin I reduced the release of GABA, and maximum reduction was achieved when both were combined, indicating a synergistic effect. It has also been reported that acute exposure to continuous waves of 900MHz EMF or 900MHz waves that were modulated to an amplitude of 50Hz increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and DNA fragmentation as a result of the hyperstimulation of glutamate receptors [73]. Glucose is the main energy source and is closely related to brain neurotransmitters and cholesterol synthesis [106]. Cell Biochem Biophys. Li HJ, Peng RY, Wang CZ, Qiao SM, Yong Z, Gao YB, et al. Joubert V, Bourthoumieu S, Leveque P, Yardin C. Apoptosis is induced by radiofrequency fields through the caspase-independent mitochondrial pathway in cortical neurons. Microwave radiation can heat body tissue the same way it heats your food. Vakalopoulos C. The EEG as an index of neuromodulator balance in memory and mental illness. 2006;398:2537. It is noteworthy that most of the above mentioned studies were based on the theory that the effects caused by microwaves are non-thermal. Joubert et al. Most bioassay and genotoxicity or mutation studies that have been performed in vitro have reported that exposure to microwave radiation at non-thermal levels does not have mutagenic/genotoxic/carcinogenic effects. 2012;25:1828. The rats in the study showed increases in spatial memory and glucose transporters, and this phenomenon indicated a corresponding increase in glucose uptake. Dendritic spines, which are small protrusions that extend from dendritic shafts, are also cellular compartments containing signaling molecules that are important for synaptic transmission and plasticity [88,89,90,91]. 2012;21:6209. Subsequently, significantly more DNA damage was observed in the exposed groups than in the sham group, and their study also indicated that oxidative stress and inflammation caused DNA damage in response to low-intensity microwave exposure. Johnson OL, Ouimet CC. In the rat hippocampus, glucose uptake plays an important role in spatial learning and memory processes. Chandrasekaran K, Hatanp K, Rapoport SI, Brady DR. Microwave exposure impairs synaptic plasticity in the rat hippocampus and pc12 cells through over-activation of the nmda receptor signaling pathway. 2013;5:5500110. 2014;70:84555. Int J Radiat Biol. 2015;56:2618. In the lower SAR group, the , 1 and 2 bands were affected in the three subjects. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. 1990;39:13543. J Electromagnet Anal. Richter et al. Bioelectromagnetics. Merola P, Marino C, Lovisolo G, Pinto R, Laconi C, Negroni A. The ionotropic receptors consist of NMDA receptors and non-NMDA receptors. Wang H, Peng R, Zhou H, Wang S, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. Impairment of long-term potentiation induction is essential for the disruption of spatial memory after microwave exposure. The results indicated that repeated low-level exposure to extremely low frequency microwaves affects brain functioning and provide an additional approach to analyzing the underlying mechanisms. Dasdag et al. Studies have also suggested that long-term exposure to 2.4GHz microwave radiation may lead to adverse effects, as observed in neurodegenerative diseases that originate from the altered expression of some miRNAs. The mechanism by which microwave radiation decreases glucose, resulting in impaired learning and memory in rats, may be related to an increase in the synthesis and release of acetylcholine in the hippocampus. Effects of 2.4 GHz radiofrequency radiation emitted from Wi-Fi equipment on microRNA expression in brain tissue. Ann N Y Acad Sci. EEG data reflect the functional state of the brain by enlarging the autologous weak bioelectricity recorded by the EEG-recording instrument [47]. Positive results were obtained in Morris water maze tests that demonstrated that microwaves influenced learning and memory in rats. Hardell L, Carlberg M, Mild KH, Eriksson M. Case-control study on the use of mobile and cordless phones and the risk for malignant melanoma in the head and neck region. The conclusions are shown in Table3. Arch Environ Health. Behav Brain Res. 2001;12:72931. [101] exposed rats to microwave radiation at frequencies of 0, 900, 1800 and 2450MHz (SARs: 0, 0.59, 0.58 and 0.66mW/kg, respectively) using a transverse electromagnetic cell for 2months for 2h/d, 5 d/week. The progeny brain oxidative balance and serum biochemistry, such as phosphorus, magnesium, glucose, triglycerides and calcium levels, were disrupted [60]. PLoS One. The above results indicate a positive biological effect of microwave radiation and present a challenge with regard to how people can benefit from microwave radiation. Biomed Environ Sci. Neurosci Lett. Cell Biochem Biophys. After irradiation was applied for 2h/d for 60 d, the authors observed the following: microwave radiation produced by mobile phones damaged the brains of adult and young rats, the damage caused by mobile phones in the calling state was significantly more severe than that observed in the standby group, and the neurons of young rats were more seriously injured than those of adult rats. The experimental rats were divided into six groups of 3 adult rats and 3 young rats in each group (with control, GSM alone and call-receiving subgroups in each group). But microwave refers to wavelengths in microns so the. A significant increase in ROS levels and DNA fragmentation were observed only after the astrocytes were exposed to modulated EMF for 20min, perhaps as a result of hyperstimulation of glutamate receptors. 2002;5:18995. MicroRNAs and neurodegeneration: role and impact. Decreased synthesis of acetylcholine accompanying impaired oxidation of pyruvic acid in rat brain minces. 2015;28:1324. Finally, Hardell et al. Microwaves of 50mW/cm2 increased the levels of the major excitatory amino acids Asp and glutamic acid (Glu) and the inhibitory amino acids gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and Gly, while 6h later in the 30mW/cm2 group, the level of Gly was reduced in the cerebral cortex. In the CNS, glutamic acid binds and plays physiological roles with the following two receptors: ionotropic glutamate and metabolic glutamate. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. It has been suggested that there is an increased risk of glioma at the highest exposure levels, but biases and errors prevent causal interpretations of these data. Phot J. [92] found that 900MHz microwave radiation emitted by mobile phones increased protein carbonyl levels in the brains of rats, suggesting that 900MHz microwave radiation can alter some biomolecules such as proteins. [62] irradiated Wistar rats, hippocampal synaptosomes and differentiated PC12 cells using microwaves (average power density, 30mW/cm2) for 5min, and the results showed that the post-exposure spatial memory of the rats was significantly decreased, the post-exposure levels of phosphorylated synapsin I (p-synapsin I) and GABA were decreased in the rat and cell experiments, and the post-exposure levels of vesicular GABA transporter and p-synapsin I were increased in small clear synaptic vesicles (which were abnormally assembled in presynaptic terminals) in the rat experiments. 2002;64:31353. However, the problem with these studies is that different parameters, such as the frequency, modulation, and power density of the radiation and the irradiation time, were used to evaluate microwave radiation between studies. More data are available regarding opinions on potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields [3]. Terms and Conditions, Zhang Y, Li Z, Gao Y. biological effects of electromagnetic waves started to be discussed. The results showed that gestational Wi-Fi exposure and restraint adversely affected offspring neurodevelopment and behavior in adulthood. Whole-body exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields does not alter 12-arm radial-maze with reduced access to spatial cues in rats. 2009;64:2314. B. Cordless phones effect Cordless phone same worked like a mobile phone. Gibson GE, Jope R, Blass J. 2009;158:12639. Kayhan H, Esmekaya MA, Saglam AS, Tuysuz MZ, Canseven AG, Yagci AM, et al. Lymphatic Systems: Due to chemical alterations within food substances, malfunctions occur in the lymphatic system, causing a degeneration of the body's ability to . [58] exposed volunteers to microwaves at a frequency of 450MHz for 10 repeated intervals of 1min of irradiation and 1min off. Repeated Wi-Fi studies show that Wi-Fi causes oxidative stress, sperm/testicular damage, neuropsychiatric effects including EEG changes, apoptosis, cellular DNA damage, endocrine changes, and calcium overload. Szmigielski [23] collected retrospective data for Polish soldiers over 15years and showed that the prevalence of brain cancer was higher in each age group. 2010;28:445. 2010;39:67594. Microwave radiation can induce oxidative and nitrosative stress, which lead to hippocampal neuronal and non-neuronal apoptosis via the oxidative damage of cellular constituents (i.e., nucleic acids, proteins and lipids) and subsequent over expression of p53, which up-regulates Bax and down-regulates pro-caspase-3 and full-length/uncleaved poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) 1, eventually inducing neuronal degeneration via apoptosis [76]. Qiao et al. Dasdag S, Balci K, Celik M, Batun S, Kaplan A, Bolaman Z, et al. Lai et al. 2.45 GHz Microwave Radiation Impairs Learning and Spatial Memory via Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress Induced p53-Dependent/Independent Hippocampal Apoptosis: Molecular Basis and Underlying Mechanism. However, other reports have indicated that unlike ionizing radiation, the microwave radiation produced by mobile phones does not possess sufficient energy to directly damage DNA. Mobile phone use facilitates memory in male, but not female, subjects. NR2B plays a key role in LTP and was decreased from the 3rd to the 18th month post-treatment, and long-term exposure to high doses of radiation may therefore damage cognitive functions. Preece A, Iwi G, Davies-Smith A, Wesnes K, Butler S, Lim E, et al. Verma RK, Sisodia R, Bhatia A. Radioprotective role of Amaranthus Gangeticus Linn. The fields had an average power density of 0, 5, 10 or 50mW/cm2. Symptoms included headache, paresthesia, diarrhea, malaise and lassitude. Hinrikus H, Bachmann M, Lass J, Karai D, Tuulik V. Effect of low frequency modulated microwave exposure on human EEG: individual sensitivity. 2015;51:15865. 2014;8:63. 2013;42:428. Choeiri C, Staines W, Miki T, Seino S, Messier C. Glucose transporter plasticity during memory processing. Military Medical Research Chronic exposure to GSM 1800-MHz microwaves reduces excitatory synaptic activity in cultured hippocampal neurons. A large number of studies have shown that microwave radiation can cause a series of adverse reactions in the central nervous system, including sleep disorders in addition to learning and memory impairments. Above all, because of biases and variations in investigation methods, no conclusive evidence has been presented that microwaves cause cancer. J Environ Health Sci Eng. Melatonin and serotonin levels were estimated, which play important roles in the nervous system. Int J Radiat Biol. Thus, these results suggest that the 2.4W/kg GSM 1800MHz microwaves may reduce excitatory synaptic activity and the number of excitatory synapses in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Curr Opin Neurobiol. RF energy has the ability to heat human tissue, much like the way that microwave ovens heat food, and can be hazardous if the exposure is sufficiently intense or prolonged. [59] exposed Wistar albino pregnant rats to a 2.45GHz Wi-Fi signal for 2h/d throughout the gestation period and found that the neurodevelopment, cerebral stress equilibrium and cholinesterase activity of the offspring were affected. 1988;9:33745. [85] found that protein levels were reduced in rat brains following microwave radiation, which may have been caused by the excessive consumption or a reduction of the synthesis of proteins, and reduced protein synthesis can be caused by the following processes: (1) excessive activation of RNA enzymes; (2) mRNA consumption or the formation and maturation of RNA enzymes. Lee TM, Ho SM, Tsang LY, Yang SY, Li LS, Chan CC. PubMed N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR) is a tetramer composed of two NR1 and two NR2 subunits or two NR3 subunits that perform the functions of NMDAR [69, 70], and NMDAR plays key roles in synapse development, synaptic plasticity and neurological diseases. GSM mobile phone radiation suppresses brain glucose metabolism. 2015;91:42634. [14] found that gliomas are not preferentially located in the parts of the brain with the highest exposure. The microwave will do its intended job of heating and will start to burn (or cook) the skin tissue. Nicholson RM, Kusne Y, Nowak LA, LaFerla FM, Reiman EM, Valla J. At present, due to a general consensus that the most significant parameter for . Blood biochemical parameters of the radio-link station. Motawi TK, Darwish HA, Moustafa YM, Labib MM. 1992;114:16202. Kwon et al. 2010;2010. Neurotoxicology. 2015;91:30611. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Koivisto M, Revonsuo A, Krause C, Haarala C, Sillanmki L, Laine M, et al. Radiat Res. 2003;80:194210. Krylova I, Dukhanin A, Il'in A, Kuznetsova EY, Balaeva N, Shimanovskii N, et al. However, with its popularization, increasing attention has been paid to its influence on humans.
PDF Electromagnetic Waves and Human Health - IntechOpen Dasdag et al. 1984;5:6370.
Microwave Health Effects However, there was no change in the frequency of AMPA mEPSCs or the amplitudes of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) mEPSCs. 1999;75:44756. Location of gliomas in relation to mobile telephone use: a case-case and case-specular analysis. Role of distinct NMDA receptor subtypes at central synapses. Zhao L, Peng RY, Gao YB, Wang SM, Wang LF, Dong J, et al. These spines have been reported to share a close relationship with learning and memory abilities, and when protein synthesis in dendritic spines is blocked, new spine growth and the development of long spines are both decreased [91]. Cordless phone radiation effect flows in a human body same way in the mobile phone [13]. Lu M, Zhu J, Qian C, Wang G, Nie J, Tong J. Singh S, Mani KV, Kapoor N. Effect of occupational EMF exposure from radar at two different frequency bands on plasma melatonin and serotonin levels. 2006;98:170713. In addition, another study showed that significant psychiatric symptoms were observed in people who worked in these areas. Those who are accustomed to using their mobile phone ipsilaterally presented a probability that was twice that of people who dont [5,6,7]. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. Ragozzino ME, Unick KE, Gold PE. Surg Neurol. Hans Hertel, a Swiss food scientist, initiated the first tests on microwaved food and microwave cooking to determine how microwaves affect human physiology and the blood. Since mobile phones are used in positions very close to the human body and require a large Biochemical modifications and neuronal damage in brain of young and adult rats after long-term exposure to mobile phone radiations. Additionally, Larjabaara et al. Mikrobiolohichny zhurnal (Kiev, Ukraine: 1993) Serge Voychuk. 2007;210:63544.
Investigation of Microwave Electromagnetic Fields in Open and Shielded Besides, the Soviet Union banned microwaves in 1976 . Cassel et al. Prog Biophys Mol Biol. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. 2009;63:10106. These conclusions are presented in Table2. With the popularity of microwave technology, microwave effects on the human body have become a common topic of concern, and the central nervous system is recognized as a target organ system that is sensitive to microwave radiation. The relationship between NMDA receptors and microwave induced learning and memory impairment: a long term observation on Wistar rats. radiations. Does MW radiation affect gene expression, apoptotic level, and cell cycle progression of human sh-sy5y neuroblastoma cells? [63] exposed rat hippocampal neurons to microwaves (SAR values of 0.8W/kg and 2.4W/kg at an average power density of 1800MHz/d) and observed the formation of dendritic filopodial and dendritic branches and the maturation of dendritic spines in neurons from day 6 to 14. Shahin S, Banerjee S, Singh SP, Chaturvedi CM. [104] found that exposure to a 1.9GHz pulse-modulated RF field for 4h at 0.1, 1.0, and 10W/kg did not affect gene expression in U87MG glioblastoma cells. PubMed In 2011, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) announced that microwave radiation has potentially carcinogenic effects (2B). Use of mobile phones and risk of brain tumours: update of Danish cohort study. 2014;12:75. Spatial memory and learning performance and its relationship to protein synthesis of Swiss albino mice exposed to 10 GHz microwaves. 2011;18:32533. To investigate the effects of microwaves radiation on apoptotic activity, cell viability, and cell cycle progression, which can provide information about microwaves radiation effects on neural cells over the period from embryonic stages to infants. 2006;5:389. 2011;107:35661. Wang H, Peng R, Zhao L, Wang S, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. The visual reaction time and short-term memory of healthy male and female workers at a radar site with a frequency range of 218GHz was recorded with a simple blind computer-assisted-visual reaction time test or modified Wechsler Memory Scale test. Myung SK, Ju W, McDonnell DD, Lee YJ, Kazinets G, Cheng CT, et al. Ito K, Hirao A, Arai F, Takubo K, Matsuoka S, Miyamoto K, et al. Defective actin dynamics in dendritic spines: cause or consequence of age-induced cognitive decline? The hazard for human health from the electromagnetic radiations well be. Ning W, Chiang H, Yang W. Effects of GSM 1800 MHz on dendritic development of cultured hippocampal neurons. Megha K, Deshmukh PS, Banerjee BD, Tripathi AK, Ahmed R, Abegaonkar MP. Sanders AP, Joines WT. 2010;1347:17985. 2011;174:211. So foods which have high water content can be very easily cooked like fresh vegetables.
The biological effects of radio waves on human body tissues - ResearchGate Mortazavi S, Rouintan M, Taeb S, Dehghan N, Ghaffarpanah A, Sadeghi Z, et al. Wang et al. [72] found that 2.856GHz, 50mW/cm2 pulsed microwave radiation caused persistent spatial memory impairments, disordered neurotransmitters, and varying degrees of damage in the hippocampus and synapses. Article Naser D, Shahram T. Adverse health effects of occupational exposure to radiofrequency radiation in airport surveillance radar operators.
1 Microwave Theory and Techniqes | PDF | Microwave - Scribd Bioelectromagnetics. Microwave radiation can cause tissue damage by inducing localized microstructural damage to proteins [86, 87]. 2003;11:346. Google Scholar. Synaptic plasticity is a special function of synapses, which play an important role in learning and memory processes [46], including structural and functional plasticity. 2000;284:30017. Predictors and overestimation of recalled mobile phone use among children and adolescents. 2008;29:52738. Morris R. Developments of a water-maze procedure for studying spatial learning in the rat. Exp Neurobiol. Google Scholar. Article Additionally, the number of crossings was significantly lower at 3 d after microwave radiation. Most of the workers recovered when they left the source of microwave radiation. Smythe JW, Costall B. One study reported by the Interphone study group [13] showed that there was no increase in the risk of glioma or meningioma in users of mobile phones. [82] exposed animals to 900MHz microwave radiation for 2h/d for 10months and removed the brain tissues. [102] exposed rats to 9.15MHz microwaves (SAR: 0.4mW/g) for 2h. They found that in the cerebellum of all the exposed animals, 11 genes were up-regulated from 1.34- to 2.74-fold, and one gene was down-regulated 0.48-fold. J Med Food. [50] exposed Wistar rats to 2.856GHz microwaves at an average power density of 5, 10, 20 or 30mW/cm2 for 6min three times per week for up to 6weeks and found that on day 14 after irradiation, the levels of Asp and Glu were lower in the hippocampus in the group treated with 5mW/cm2 but higher in the group treated with 30mW/cm2, The levels of GABA were elevated.
PPT Scientific, technical publications in the nuclear field | IAEA Thus, the committee suggested that in the future, studies should explore the border between thermal and non-thermal effects and that specific effects, such as triggering the onset of thermoregulatory reactions, should be defined. 2013;23:306. Int J Radiat Biol. Researchers have also used the 12-arm maze test on rats to test spatial working ability after exposure to 2.45GHz pulse microwave radiation. PubMed Central Particularly, the dramatically increasing number of mobile phones users rise significant concerns due to its potential damage on people exposed by radiofrequency waves. P Nat Acad. J Neurosci Methods. [40] concluded that despite the differences in the conditions used in the experiments, space limitations and whether the wall of the maze was clear did not substantially influence outcomes. Fragopoulou AF, Samara A, Antonelou MH, Xanthopoulou A, Papadopoulou A, Vougas K, et al. found that long-term treatment with a low dose of microwave radiation reduced the activity and the number of excitatory synapses. Resting state cortical EEG rhythms in Alzheimer's disease: toward EEG markers for clinical applications: a review. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. PubMed Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Physiol Behav. Qutob S, Chauhan V, Bellier P, Yauk C, Douglas G, Berndt L, et al. The Microwave signals in the food can cause water molecules to pulsate, generates heat to cook the food. The results showed that at 6h, 1 d and 3 d after exposure, the groups in which the average power density was 10mW/cm2 or 50mW/cm2 displayed significant deficits in spatial learning and memory. [105] identified stable C-T mutation sites at 217 points by screening for SNPs in the GRIN2B promoter region in rats. However, it concurrently also declared that the carcinogenic potential of mobile communications equipment was limited to glioma [4]. Singh et al. 2004;2004:19. 1996;180:917. Sage C, Carpenter D, Hardell L. Comments on SCENIHR: opinion on potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics. PubMed -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-soxazole propionic acid, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases, Cross-modal visual-tactile object recognition, Digital enhanced cordless telecommunications/telephone, International agency for research on cancer, Miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents, Scientific committee on emerging and newly identified health risks. Furthermore, the expression of postsynaptic density 95 (PSD-95) in cultured neurons was decreased. Neuroscience. 2 Researchers have been working. Technol Cancer Res Treat. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Kizil G, Kizil M, Cakir DU, Yokus B. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Erdal ME, Erdal N, Ay OI, Ay ME, et al. A large amount of heat can be generated to caused severe damage to the body. The authors detected the EEG within the frequency bands of 0.530.0Hz for 5 consecutive days. Research continues on possible biological effects of exposure to RF/MW radiation from radios, cellular phones, the processing and cooking of foods, heat . frequency range from 1GHz to 10^6 GHz.
Interaction of Radiation with Matter - GSU An increase in anxiety-related behaviors and a decrease in depression-related behavior were observed in both female and male offspring. The results showed that 2.1GHz W-CDMA-modulated microwave radiation did not cause apoptotic cell death but altered cell cycle progression [79]. It has been reported that microwave radiation can decrease both the number and the density of dendritic spines [63]. Google Scholar. [80] found that irradiation with 900MHz, 2W/kg continuous microwaves for 24h induced an increase in rat neuronal apoptosis. Electromagn Biol Med. Among radar workers exposed to 1418GHz microwaves, the somatic symposium anxiety and insomnia, social dysfunction and severe depression were caused [19]. Occupational Medicine (London) 50.1 (January 2000):49-56. J Sleep Res. Wang L, Peng R, Hu X, Gao Y, Wang S, Zhao L, et al.
Biological Effects of Microwave Radiation - tandfonline.com 1 Microwave radiation may also lead to skin cancer/health problems when we are within the radius of a cell phone tower in a certain specified limited distance. Radiat Res. In communications, the microwaves come from mobile phones and their base stations and microwave links, in addition to cordless phones, terrestrial trunked radios, blue tooth devices, wireless local area networks and many other applications. 2008;86:718. After exposure to microwave radiation, during synaptic structural plasticity, presynaptic vesicles accumulate or empty, mitochondria are damaged, postsynaptic membranes are perforated, postsynaptic lengths and postsynaptic density distributions are abnormal, mossy fiber growth is inhibited during learning and memory functions, dendritic filopodial densities and activities are decreased, and there is a significant reduction of the dendritic spine density and dendritic fragment length [62]. This conclusion is consistent with the results of a previously reported study that showed that short-term exposure to microwave radiation can reduce reaction times and improve cognitive functions, attention and short-term memory capacity [28,29,30,31,32,33,34]. Sci Total Environ. The article's subject is the investigation of electromagnetic fields (EMF) of the microwave frequency band in a typical human living environment, especially in shielded areas.